第二部分 各类题型应对策略
初中英语听力测试一般考查学生对日期、天气、人物、特征、地点、图表以及具体事件的理解反应能力。主要题型包括听音辨词和关键词语选择、听句子选择图画、听句子选择答语、句子理解、对话理解、短文理解、听音填词或信息转换等。下面我们就听力题型、命题原理及答题方法等做如下分析讲解。
一、听音辨词
[命题形式]
“听音辨词”的考试重点是“辨别语音，领会意思”。需要掌握的信息可能是单词、短语，也可能是句子。近几年的考试中多以在单句中听辨单词为主。
[答题技巧]
1．提前默读、去同留异、猜测重点。利用放音间隔和各小题间的短暂停顿，提前默读各选项中的单词或词组，找出选项之间读音的差异，去同留异，推测听力的重点，做到心中有数，答题时就更有针对性。
2．静心倾听，识别发音，理解句意。要稳定情绪，集中注意力，静心倾听播放的录音，在听懂句子意思的基础上，从发音和词义的不同方面来识别单词或词组。
3．快速反应，立刻鉴别，检查验证。听音理解后快速做出反应，根据所听到的语音信号，快速确定选项，并从句意的角度进行检查验证，以保证选项的意思与原句吻合。
[典型再现]
听句子，选择句子中所包含的信息。每个句子读一遍。
1．A.head
B.help
C.hen
2．A.enough
B.electric
C.easy
3．A.do
B.drive
C.die
4．A.screen
B.school
C.science
5．A.in case
B.in fact
C.in time
[听力原文]
1．My grandmother keeps a hen in the backyard.
2．I have enough time to finish my math homework.
3．If you don't take the cat home, it will die.
4．The screen is very large.
5．In fact, Sam isn't good at singing.
[答案解析]
1．C 材料中可以听出keeps（保存，保持，喂养）一词，根据语法知识可知答案应是个名词，help可充当名词，但明显不合句意。又由backyard（后院）一词，可排除head（头，脑袋）一词，故选C。
2．A 三个单词的语音其实差别很大，外形上也仅部分相似。材料中可以清晰听见time一词，可以和它构成搭配的只能是enough time，况且还和finish my math homework一起连用，答案更加明确，故选A。
3．C 材料中前半句的中文意思是“如果你不把这只猫带回家”，根据前后句的意思可知，“它会死去”是最合乎语意的，三个单词的语音相似度也较低。故选C。
4．A large是“大”的意思，根据汉语意思，可排除C。然后仔细辨别screen和school之间的语音差别，最终答案是A。此题以语音辨析结合汉语意思来甄别选项。
5．B 题目中三个词组的意思分别是：in case“万一，即使”；in fact“事实上，实际”；in time“及时”。将三个词组和后面的句子“Sam isn't good at singing.”连用后比较，答案就很明显了。另外，三个词组中都有“in”这个单词，听时可以把重点放在后面单词的辨音上，有重点地去听。答案为B。
二、句子理解题
“句子理解”常作为中考听力测试的题型。该类题型命题灵活，方法多变，是比较难的题型。以下为常见题型：图句型句子理解题、归纳概括型句子理解题、推理型句子理解题、对话理解题、短文理解题。我们将对这些常见题型逐一剖析。
（一）图句型句子理解题
[命题形式]
1．一图配一句：选出与所听句子内容相符的图画。
2．多图配一句：看图听句子，选出与所听句子意思相符的图画。
3．配图回答：看图听句子，根据图画回答问题。
[答题技巧]
1．注意把握句子中的主要信息，根据这些信息找到与图画内容相符的切入点；
2．图句型句子理解题还包含听问句理解图画内容并回答问题的题型。解答此类题应听清问句，是一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句，是选择疑问句还是反意疑问句，然后针对问句进行回答。
3．平时在进行听力训练时，可反复听录音，听完第一遍初步选出答案，听第二遍时认真分析比较，逐个排除不符合录音材料的图画，直至选出最佳答案。
[典型再现]
1．Where has Jack never been?
A.
B.
C.
2．What did the boy get on his fifteenth birthday?
A.
B.
C.
3．Who will the boy go to the Bird's Nest with?
A.
B.
C.
4．What does Eric do?
A.
B.
C.
5．How did Anna go to the zoo yesterday?
A.
B.
C.
[听力原文]
1．W: Hi, Jack. I have never been to the Terracotta Army. What about you?
M: Neither have I. But I have been to Disneyland many times.
2．W: How long have you owned the green bike?
M: I have owned it since my fifteenth birthday.
3．W: You haven't been to the Bird's Nest, have you?
M: No, I haven't. But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation.
4．W: Have you ever heard of the man in the magazine?
M: Yes. His name is Eric. He is not a singer, but a guitar player.
5．M: What did you do yesterday, Anna?
W: I rode to the zoo with my friends.
[答案解析]
1．B 浏览图片，要对三幅图片的内容做到心中有数。频度副词never和neither，都是围绕the Terracotta Army进行的，故选B。
2．A 当我们听到green这个修饰语，要立即引起重视，后面往往就是答案。我们听到的是bike，同时单词辨音时，bike、guitar和camera的读音区别很大，答案很明显。
3．C 在听力材料中，我们知道but后面往往是问题的关键所在，with后面肯定是问题的答案，我们很清楚地听到是parents。同时，观察A、B两幅图片中的小男生和小女生，联系生活常识可知：很少有两个那么小的学生结伴出去游玩。这也可以算是答案的一个侧面解释。
4．B 首先浏览图中的三个职业，分别是a singer、a guitar player和a violin player。原文材料提到“He is not a singer，but a guitar player.”这句话。前面讲到，but后面往往是答案所在，同时，再利用辨别发音可知，singer、guitar、violin的读音区别较大，故很容易得出答案。
5．C 图片中共有三种交通方式，分别是walk、by bus和ride a bike或by bike。材料中用的是rode to the zoo，实际该句可以等同于rode a bike to the zoo，故而得出该题答案。
（二）归纳概括型句子理解题
[命题形式]
1．综合分析听到的句子，概括句子重点，归纳句子要点，选出同义的解释；
2．听到的常常是两个句子，要求我们听后进行归纳和概括性转化，选出所听到的内容。
[答题技巧]
听录音时首先要抓住句子、对话或短文的要点及关键词，概括其大意，从整体上把握听到的内容。其次，要分析选项，把握测试重点，听句子时忽略其相同的内容，重点分辨不同的部分。
[典型再现]
1．How often does the boy play basketball?
A.Twice a week.
B.Once a day.
C.Five times a day.
2．How did the man go to Shanghai?
A.By train.
B.By plane.
C.By ship.
3．What does the boy think of Mickey Mouse?
A.He likes it.
B.He doesn't mind it.
C.He doesn't like it.
4．What did the children do yesterday afternoon?
A.Went swimming.
B.Played football.
C.Played basketball.
5．Where are the two speakers going?
A.To the shop.
B.To the park.
C.To the post office.
[听力原文]
1．W: Do you like playing basketball, Jim?
M: Yes, I like it very much. I play it every day.
2．W: You went to Shanghai 3 days ago. How did you go there?
M: I flew there, it was very fast.
3．W: Oh, it's time for Mickey Mouse.Come and watch it, Eric!
M: Oh, no, Mom. It's terrible, I don't watch it at all.
4．W: Did the children play football or basketball yesterday afternoon?
M: No, they went to the swimming pool and had a good time there.
5．W: Tom, can you go to the mall with me this weekend?
M: Sure, I'd love to. What do you want to buy?
W: Some food and drinks.
[答案解析]
1．B 材料中说“I play it every day.”，every day的意思是“每天”，首先A不对，那是“一周两次”，然后再排除C（每天五次），因为其频率不符合“每天”，只有B选项“每天一次”和every day相吻合，意思最接近，故选B。
2．B 选B的原因有两个：材料中说“I flew there”，意为“我坐飞机去那儿”，这是最直接也是最有用的信息。同时，还说“it was very fast”，我们比较三个选项中的交通方式，只有by plane是比其余两个都快的，故答案很明显。
3．C 对于这个节目的看法，the boy连用了“It's terrible.”和“I don't watch it at all.”来表示自己强烈的意思，所以是C—He doesn't like it at all.（他一点儿也不喜欢。）
4．A 给出的猜测性答案played basketball和played football全被否决了，这是选择A的条件之一，后面的材料中说“they went to the swimming pool and had a good time there”更是给出了明确信息：they went to the swimming pool，我们可以根据swimming pool得出答案为went swimming。
5．A 材料中由“Can you go to the mall with me？”提问得到的是肯定回答“Yes，I'd love to.”，已经很接近答案了。后面还有两句意思为buy some food and drinks，去买这些东西的话，比较三个选项内容，答案只能是A—To the shop.（去商店）。
（三）推理型句子理解题
[命题形式]
要求综合分析所听到的句子，应用计算、推理、辨别等方法得出答案。
[答题技巧]
1．判断场景：根据所听到的句子内容判断人物所在的场景。抓住所听句子的关键词语，注意地点、时间等信息，平时要多训练才能听辨出体现场景的关键词。
2．适用计算：运用计算进行推理，是听句子、听对话常用的方法，其题目要求就是根据你听到的句子选出正确的选项，或判断句子的正误。
[典型再现]
1．What will they do this afternoon?
A.Watch TV.
B.Do their homework.
C.Go to the movies.
2．What time is it now?
A.6:00.
B.6:55.
C.7:55.
3．Which dress is the most expensive?
A.The red one.
B.The yellow one.
C.The blue one.
4．Where are they?
A.In the library.
B.At the bus stop.
C.On the bus.
5．Which country are they talking about?
A.China.
B.India.
C.The UK.
[听力原题]
1．W: Hi, Tom. Do you want to go to the movies this afternoon?
M: Great! Which movie theater are we going to, Kate?
W: Town Cinema. It has the largest screens.
M: Sounds good. Let's go.
2．M: Maria, what time will the game start?
W: It will start at five to eight. Don't worry, we still have one hour to get there.
3．W: How much are these dresses?
M: The red one is 80 yuan, the blue one is 75 yuan and the yellow one is 90 yuan.
4．W: Excuse me. Does the No.2 bus go to the City Library?
M: Yes, you can wait here.
5．W: Where is London?
M: Let me show you on the map.
[答案解析]
1．C 材料中第一句是个一般疑问句“Do you want to go to the movies this afternoon？”得到的是肯定回答，接下来开始对哪家影院更适合展开讨论和判断。由此可知，他们要去做的事是go to the movies，故选C。
2．B 本题涉及时间的推理运算：the game will start at five to eight，即7:55，又说“we will have one hour to get there”，我们还有一个小时的时间到那里，推算可知，现在的时间是6:55，故选B。
3．B 本题易混淆的是三种颜色。the red one、the blue one和the yellow one对应的价格分别是80元、75元和90元，90元是最高的价格，它对应的是the yellow one，故选B。
4．B 联系材料可知，说话人是要坐No.2 bus去这个图书馆，可知说话的地点是at the bus stop，答案很明显，选B。
5．C 本题说是推理判断，实际上也考到了学生的地理常识，众所周知，London是英国的首都，可知本题的正确答案是C。
（四）对话理解题
[命题形式]
对话理解题是听力测试中非常重要的题型，且占分值较高，命题也非常灵活。因此掌握此类试题的命题形式及解题技巧，是考试取得高分的保障。常见的题型包括：
1．听对话，选择能回答问题的最佳选项；
2．听对话，选择图画；
3．听对话，完成图表或填空；
4．听一段长对话，选择能回答问题的选项。
[答题技巧]
对于听对话选择正确答案类的对话理解题，要根据所给选项和内容，初步猜测关键词，认真听对话，判断讲话人的身份、人物之间的关系、说话的场合和表达的思想内容。
听对话选择图画的题又分为：①选择与对话意义相符的图画；②听对话及问题，选择能回答所听问题的正确图画。做此类试题时，首先要借助卷面上的图画来预测对话的内容，为进一步证实对话中的信息打好基础。
[典型再现]
1．What was the girl doing at the time of the rainstorm?
A.She was playing sports.
B.She was waiting for the bus.
C.She was playing a card game.
[听力原文]
1．W: I was waiting for the bus at the time of the rainstorm. What about you?
M: I was playing a card game.
[答案解析]
1．B 本题的答案在B、C之间选择，且这两个选项的答案在听力原文中都有提及，在听第二遍时，可知问的是the girl，问题是“What was the girl doing at the time of the rainstorm？”故选B。
[典型再现]
2．What match are they going to watch?
A.A football match.
B.A basketball match.
C.A badminton match.
3．What time is it now?
A.6:50.
B.7:10.
C.7:30.
4．How will they go to the sports center?
A.By bike.
B.By bus.
C.By taxi.
[听力原文]
M: Mary, when will the basketball match begin?
W: At half past seven.
M: Oh, it's ten to seven now. Let's hurry up!
W: Don't worry. We can take a taxi to the sports center.
M: OK. Let's go to buy some snacks first.
W: Let's go.
[答案解析]
2．B 此题答案较为明显，第一句话即开门见山地提出“When will the basketball match begin？”且无其他干扰项，故选B。
3．A 涉及时间的信息有7:30和6:50，7:30是比赛开始的时间，6:50是现在的时间，是他们要出发的时间，故选A。
4．C 如何去比赛场地，材料原文中有“We can take a taxi to the sports center.”这句话，同义转换即可得出答案：take a taxi即by taxi，故选C。
[典型再现]
5．What is Tom going to do this weekend?
A.
B.
C.
[听力原文]
W: Hi, Tom. Are you going to a movie this weekend?
M: No. I am going to the park with my sister. Are you going with us?
W: Sorry. I want to return the library books.
[答案解析]
5．A此类试题一般有几个干扰项，此题的三个选项go to the park、return the library books、go to a movie在对话中均被提及，难度较大，这就要求我们听清问题是在询问谁的信息。根据问题可知是询问Tom要去干什么，听懂“I am going to the park with my sister.”则可判断出答案。
（五）短文理解题
[命题形式]
短文理解题是最难的题型，一般分值也最高。这种题型要求学生听一篇短文，然后按要求答题，有的是选择题，有的是图表题。这要求我们不仅要有听懂单句的能力，还要具备短文理解的能力。
短文理解题所听的内容是一篇意思连贯、语句通顺、情节完整的短文。一般每篇短文所涉及的考点至少有五个。有的考查对具体信息的把握和理解，有的考查对短文整体的把握和理解。
[答题技巧]
做短文理解题，一定要在听录音前看清题干。如有几个小题，每个小题测试的是什么内容等。通过题干内容，我们能够了解所要听的短文的重要信息。通过这些信息，确定听的重点。
1．初听理解大意。初听录音时，应该抓住短文大意，即短文内容、涉及的人物、人物的活动、活动发生的时间、地点以及人物、时间、地点的内在联系等。
2．明确目标。听第二遍时就要根据题目要求，确定明确的目标。
3．调整心态，稳定情绪。听短文录音时，可能会遇到个别生词或不能理解的句子。遇到这种情况，绝对不能慌神，更不能乱了方寸！理智的做法是抓住关键词，没听清或当时反应不过来的内容暂时跳过，等听完后再根据记忆，结合上下文或全文分析思考。
4．及时复查，验证答案。听完录音，答完试题后，要根据记忆，检查核对答案，检查有无疏漏，发现问题，及时改正。除此之外，在听录音时不要忘了把一些你认为很关键的信息做一些简单的标记，这样能防止因为紧张而忘掉本来已经获取的信息。还有一点需要注意，要重视短文中每一小节的开头句和结尾句，这些常常是短文的主题句。
[典型再现]
1．How often does Sam have to take out the rubbish?
A.Three times a week.
B.Twice a week.
C.Once a week.
2．What does Sam have to do on weekends?
A.Make the bed.
B.Do the dishes.
C.Clean the room.
3．How many people are there in Sam's family?
A.Three.
B.Four.
C.Five.
4．Who is Peter?
A.Sam's cousin.
B.Sam's friend.
C.Sam's classmate.
5．Who does chores in Peter's family?
A.Peter.
B.Peter's sisters.
C.Peter's parents.
[听力原文]
Sam hates doing chores, but he has to help his parents do many chores. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays he has to take out the rubbish. And on weekends he has to do the dishes. Sometimes, he even has to look after his little sister and brother.
Peter is his friend. In his family, only the girls do chores. His sisters make all the beds and clean all the rooms, even his bedroom. So Peter feels very lucky.
One day, Sam asked Peter, "Could I borrow your sisters? They can help me do the chores."When Peter heard this, he laughed.
[答案解析]
1．A“倒垃圾”的频率，材料中没有直接表明，但由“On Mondays，Wednesdays and Fridays he has to take out the rubbish.”可知，是“一周三次”，即“Three times a week”。
2．B 材料中涉及时间的地方比较多，可以采取边听边记要点的方法，例如“on weekends he has to do the dishes”可以简记为“on w...dishes”，记下dishes这个要点；“On Mondays...take out the rubbish.”可以简记为“On M...rubbish”，记下关键词rubbish。故本题答案为B。
3．C 本题体现出短文理解题的难点和特点：不仅仅要明白某个单句的意思，更要从整体上把握全文，要联系前后句、上下文来贯通文章大意，任何一环都不能脱节。信息量过多时，必须进行正确的分析推理。第一句话“he has to help his parents do many chores”，可知家里有3口人；再加上这句“he even has to look after his little sister and brother”，又加上了两口人，所以Sam家共有5口人，故选C。
4．B 本题较为简单，材料中提到“Peter is his friend.”这句话。直接给出了本题的答案。选B。
5．B 由材料中“In his family，only the girls do chores.”可知女生做家务。我们运用排除法答题，首先排除A，因为Peter是“boy”；再排除C，因为Peter's parents中包含了Peter's father，他是“man”。故选B。